Commons:Al rodiu les llicentcies
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La páxina Commons:Al rodiu les llicencies val pa echar un gabitu, incluso pa los que nun saben de llei, con un tutorial enllenu d'exemplos p'algamar una visión xeneral al rodiu la complexa llexislación de drechos d'autor y pa saber decidir si pueden subir una imaxen o ficheru determinau a Wikimedia Commons.
Wikimedia Commons namái aceuta conteníu llibre, pa entendemos, imáxenes, semeyes y otros ficheros que puedan usase por cualesquier persona en cualisquier llugar pa cualisquier fin (munches vegaes embaxu la/les condición/es de que la llibertá del conteníu respétese). Los detáis desplíquense abaxo. Wikimedia Commons nun aceuta conteníu d'usu llexítimu (fair use), ver por qué abaxo.
Wikimedia Commons only accepts media
- that are explicitly freely licensed, or
- that are in the public domain in at least the United States and in the source country of the work.
Wikimedia Commons does not accept uso justo justifications: see Commons:Fair use. Media licensed exclusively under non-commercial only licenses (like CC BY-NC-SA) are not accepted either.
La llicencia que tien una imaxen o ficheru tien qu'indicase de mena clara na páxina de descripción de la imaxe usando una marca de drechos d'autor. Tola información necesitada pola llicencia tien que dase na páxina de descripción. La información de la páxina tien que ser suficiente pa permitir a los demás comprobar la llicencia. Lo meyor ye facer esto de secute nel mesmu campu resumen del formulariu de xubida.
If you are a copyright holder and would like to confirm permission, please use the email template to send it via VRT.
Llicencies aceptables
A copyright license is a formal permission stating who may use a copyrighted work and how they may use it. A license can only be granted by the copyright holder, which is usually the author (photographer, painter or similar).
Tol material de Commons tien que tar llicenciau embaxu una llicencia llibre que permita a tol mundu usalu pa cualisquier fin (ver tamién Commons:Criteriu pa enxertar). N'especial, la llicencia tien que cumplir les siguientes condiciones:
- L'espublización y redistribución tien de permitise.
- L'espublización d'obres derivaes tien de permitise.
- L'usu comercial de la obra tien de permitise.
- El reconocimientu de tolos autores/collaboradores d'una obra pue desixise.
- L'espublización d'obres derivaes embaxu la mesma llicencia pue desixise.
- L'usu de formatos abiertos llibres de sistemes d'alministración de drechos dixitales (DRM) pue desixise.
Sometimes, authors wish to release a lower quality or lower resolution version of an image or video under a free license, while applying stricter terms to higher quality versions. It is unclear whether such a distinction is legally enforceable, but Commons's policy is to respect the copyright holder's intentions by hosting only the lower quality version.
XxxLes siguientes restriciones nun deben aplicase a la imaxen o ficheru:
- Usu namái pa Wikimedia (exceutu pa logotipos y otros diseños que son marques acutaes u otros elementos de diseñu qu'identifica los sitios de los diversos proyeutos de la Fundación Wikimedia)
- Usu estrictamente non comerciales y/o educativos
- Usu llexítimu (fair use)
Específicamente, lo siguiente nun ta permitiu polo xeneral:
- Captures de pantalla de software que nun te al tiempu embaxu una llicencia llibre. Les capturas de pantalla de software embaxu llicencia GPL o una llicencia llibre parecida considérense normalmente adecuaes.
- Escaneos o semeyes d'obres d'arte con drechos d'autor, especialmente portaes de llibros y similares.
- Símbolos, llogotipos y similares acutaos.
Lloxicamente Commons tamién aceuta toles obres a les que nun s'apliquen drechos d'autor (tan nel dominiu públicu). Por favor mira la estaya al rodiu'l dominiu públicu abaxu.
For an explanation of the justification for this licensing policy, see Commons:Licensing/Justifications.
Llicencias múltiples
Pueden aplicase tantes llicencies pa un ficheru como se quiera siempres que polo menos una d'elles cumpla colos criterios anteriores.
Multi-Licensing with restrictive licenses may be desirable for compatibility with the licensing scheme of other projects; also, multi-licensing allows people who create derivative work to release that work under a restrictive license only, if they wish—that is, it gives creators of derivative works more freedom with regards to which license they may use for their work. See Commons:Multi-licensing.
Llicencies conocies
Les siguientes llicencies conocíes prefiérense pal material en Commons::
- Llicencies Creative Commons Reconocimientu/CompartirIgual
- [$url2 GNU Free Documentation License] (GFDL)
- GNU General Public License (GPL) / GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
- Free Art License
- Open Data Commons
| Creative Commons license icons and names | Abbreviations & versions | OK here? | Notes |
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CC Public Domain Mark 1.0 |  Generally OK
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Often found on Flickr images, and considered to be freely licensed in most circumstances. - see Public Domain section below |
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CC0 |  OK
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CC BY (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | OK
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CC BY-SA (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | OK
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CC BY-NC (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) |  Not OK
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CC BY-NC-ND (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | Not OK
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CC BY-NC-SA (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | Not OK
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CC BY-ND (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | Not OK
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Again, works in the public domain are also accepted (see below).
See Commons:Copyright tags for more licenses.
Forbidden licenses
Works which are not available under a license which meets the Definition of Free Cultural Works are explicitly not allowed. See the Wikimedia Foundation board resolution on licensing for more information.
Les siguientes llicencies tan mui difundíes, pero explícitamente prohibies (exceutu si, por supuestu, el ficheru ta tamién disponible embaxu una llicencia llibre):
- Llicencies Creative Commons NunComercial (-NC)
- Llicencies Creative Commons EnsinObraDerivada (-ND)
- Material embaxu'l supuestu d'usu llexítimu (fair use) u daqué parecíu (ver les razones abaxu)
Creative Commons Non-Commercial Only (-NC) licenses
Creative Commons No-Derivatives (-ND) licenses- Unlicensed material usable only under fair use, fair dealing, or other similar legal exceptions (see below for the reasons)
- GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), under certain conditions (see below)
Non-permitted licenses may only be used on Commons if the work is multi-licensed under at least one permitted license.
If an image is not OK, consider asking the author to release their work under a free license such as CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution license), or CC BY-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike).
GNU Free Documentation License
Atención: La GFDL ye poco práutica pa imáxenes y testos curtios, porque desixe qu'el testu dafechu de la llicencia seya espublizáu xunto con ellos. Esto ye prohibitivu pa los medios emprentaos, pa poder usar una única imaxe habría qu'emprentar una páxina entera col testu de la GFDL. Polo que prefierse aplicar una llicencia doble, amestando a la GFDL una llicencia Creative Commons equivalente (como CC-by-sa-2.5).
GFDL is not permitted as the only acceptable license where all of the following are true:
- The content was licensed on or after 15 October 2018. The licensing date is considered, not the creation or upload date.
- The content is primarily a photograph, painting, drawing, audio or video.
- The content is not a software logo, diagram or screenshot that is extracted from a GFDL software manual.
Información de llicencia
Fokus páxines de descripción en Commons tienen qu'indicar nidiamente embaxu qué llicencia s'asoleyaron los conteníos, tienen d'incluyise la información desixida pola llicencia (autor, etc) y tamién la información necesaria pa que otros puedan comprobar la llicencia (enllace a la fonte).
Específicamente, la siguiente información tien de dase siempres na páxina de descripción, magar que la llicencia nun lo requiera:
- La fonte del conteníu, preferiblemente un enllaz web o una cita. De xuru, esto nun pue aplicase si'l conteníu s'espubliza per primer vegada en Commons y la persona que lo xube ye'l so autor, pero esto hay de conseñalo explícitamente.
- L'autor/creador de la imaxe, semeya o ficheru. Pal conteníu que considerase nel dominiu públicu porque los sos drechos d'autor caducaren, la fecha na que morrió'l autor ye tamién perimportante (ver la estaya al rodiu'l dominiu públicu abaxu).
Magar que nun ye tan importante, tamién tien de facilitse si ta disponible:
- La descripción del calteníu de la imaxe o el ficheru. Descripción de la imaxe: ¿Ú, qué, quién? Esto ye perimportante pa tol mundu sepa lo que ta güeyando/oyendo, especialmente nel casu de datos científicos, por exemplu, imáxenes con color falsu.
- La fecha y llugar de creación. Pa conteníu que considerese nel dominiu públicu porque los sos drechos d'autor caducaren, la fecha de creación ye perimportante (ver la estaya al rodiu'l dominiu públicu abaxu).
Estos puntos de la descripción pueden facese cómodamente usando la plantilla Information. Pa deprender l'usu d'esta plantilla ver Commons:Criteriu pa enxertar.
Alcance de la llicencia
Date cuenta que en dalgunos casos, un documentu (ficheru) puede tener munchos aspeutos que pueden y tienen que ser llicenciaos: cada persona que contribuyó una parte importante de la obra tien drechos al rodiu los resultaos, y todos tienen que facer su contribución disponible embaxu una llicencia llibre. De toes menes les distinciones nun son mui nidies y pueden camudar d'un país a otru. Ponemos exemplos para aclariar:
- Pa una grabación d'un canciu, tien que tenese en cuenta los siguientes aspeutos, cada un de los cuales tien que tar embaxu una llicencia llibre (o nel dominiu públicu):
- La partitura de la música (drechos del compositor)
- La lletra del canciu (drechos del escritor)
- La interpretación (drechos de los músicos, cantantes, etcétera)
- La grabación (drechos del personal téunico / discográfica)
- Pa una semeya d'una obra d'arte (y tamién portaes de llibros y similares) ye asemeyau:
- El creador de la obra de arte orixinal tien drechos al rodiu los resultaos.
- El foteru tien drechos alrodiu la semeya.
- Pa una semeya del interior d'un edificiu, date cuenta que'l arquiteutu puede tener dalgunos drechos si s'amuesen rasgos característicos distintivos (esto pasa polo menos n'Alemania). Pa una semeya del exterior d'un edificiu, date cuenta que'l arquiteutu puede tener dalgunos drechos. En dalgunos países, esto namás aplicase si la semeya se fizo dende un llugar que nun seya públicu (Alemania, Austria), pero en dalgunos otros esto aplicase con independencia del llugar dende'l que se tomase la semeya (Francia).
Esto ye munches vegaes problemáticu, si la obra d'arte nun ye'l calteníu principal de la imaxen o nun reconozse clariamente: nesi casu, normalmente namás el creador de la imaxen (grabación, etc) resultante tien drechos d'autor al rodiu la mesma. Por exemplu, cuando se fai una semeya d'un grupu de xente nun museu, n'ella pueden salir tamién dalgunos cuadros nes muries. Nesi casu los drechos d'autor de los cuadros no tienen que tenese en cuenta. De toes menes la distinción no ye mui claria.
Date cuenta que la llicencia pa tolos aspeutos tien que determinase y mencionase explícitamente. Date cuenta tamién que les reproducciones nun suelen tar cubiertes por drechos d'autor: el creador del escaneo d'un cuadru nun tien drechos d'autor sobre la imaxen dixital, polo que nun se necesita llicencia pal escaneu. Esto tamién aplicase a les captures de pantalla (ver la estaya al rodiu les captures abaxu).
Material nel dominiu públicu
Material released under a license like CC0 is considered the equivalent of public domain material; works that lack originality and edicts are in the public domain; a few governments around the world, including the US Federal, California, and Florida governments place most of their works, including most of their public records in the public domain; the English Wikipedia's guideline on public domain material more precisely defines these many exceptions.
Commons acepta material que te nel dominiu públicu, d'otra mena, documentos que nun puedan tener drechos d'autor o que los sus drechos d'autor caducaren. Polo Xeneral considerase qu'una obra ta nel dominiu públicu cuando el su creador morrió fai más de 70 años (n'EE.XX. 95). Esto quier dicir: si l'autor morrió enantes de 1935, puede dicise ensin problemes que la obra ta nel dominiu públicu en cuasi cualisquier xurisdición. Si la obra ye anónima, considerase nel dominiu públicu 70 años depués de la su fecha d'espublización, d'alcuerdu cola convención de Berna.
Many countries use such a copyright term of 70 years. A notable exception is the U.S. Due to historical circumstances, the United States has more complex rules:
- Works published before 1929 are in the public domain.
- For works first published before 1964, copyright lasts 28 years after publication, and is therefore currently expired unless the owner filed for renewal during the window between 27 and 28 years after publication.
If renewed during that window, copyright lasts until 95 years after first publication.
The large majority of works published before 1964 have passed into the public domain, but it is imperative to determine that copyright was not renewed. (The US Copyright Office online catalog can be used to search for renewals in 1978 or later—useful for works published in 1951 through 1963; Google has scans of the paper catalog including works registered from 1923 up to 1978).
- For works first published before 1978: until 95 years after the first publication.
- For works first published 1978 or later: until 70 years after the author's death. Anonymous works or work made for hire: until the shorter of 95 years since the first publication or 120 years since the creation of the work.
For works created before 1978 but only published 1978 or later, there are some special rules. These terms apply in the U.S. also for foreign works.
However, the year and location of publication is essential. In several countries, material published before a certain year is in the public domain. In the U.S. this date is January 1, 1929. In some countries, all government-published material is public domain, while in others governments claim some copyright (see Commons:Rodiu drechos d'autor pa territoriu).
In the US, the copyright situation for sound recordings (including those published before 1929) is a special case. Under Title II of the Music Modernization Act, recordings that were first fixed prior to February 15, 1972 are copyrighted for a period of time under US federal copyright that depends on when the recording was first published. This federal copyright applies regardless of any formalities (copyright notice, registration, and/or renewal.) The specific copyright term lengths are as follows:
- Recordings that were first published prior to 1923 entered the public domain on January 1, 2022.
- Recordings that were first published between 1923 and 1946 are copyrighted for a period of 100 years after first publication.
- Recordings that were first published between 1947 and 1956 are copyrighted for a period of 110 years after first publication.
- Recordings that were published after 1956 and first fixed prior to February 15, 1972 will enter the public domain on February 15, 2067.
Sound recordings that were first fixed on or after February 15, 1972 are subject to the same US copyright law term lengths and provisions as other works.
En dalgunes xurisdiciones (como los Estaos Xunios), tamién puede donase explícitamente una obra creada por uno mismu al dominiu públicu. N'otros llugares (como la Xunión Europea) esto nun ye téunicamente posible, pero puede espublizase embaxu una llicencia ensin restricciones. Ver Commons:Donar al dominiu públicu pa más información.
The Hirtle chart is a tool for helping to determine if something is in the public domain in the United States. Commons:International copyright quick reference guide helps to determine if a work first published outside the United States can be uploaded.
Interaction of US and non-US copyright law
Commons is an international project, but its servers are located in the U.S., and its content should be maximally reusable. Uploads of non-U.S. works are normally allowed only if the work is either in the public domain or covered by a valid free license in both the U.S. and the country of origin of the work. The "country of origin" of a work is generally the country where the work was first published.
When uploading material from a country outside the U.S., the copyright laws of that country and the U.S. normally apply. If material that has been saved from a third-party website is uploaded to Commons, the copyright laws of the U.S., the country of residence of the uploader, and the country of location of the web servers of the website apply. Thus, any licence to use the material should apply in all relevant jurisdictions; if the material is in the public domain, it must normally be in the public domain in all these jurisdictions (plus in the country of origin of the work) for it to be allowable on Commons.
For example, if a person in the UK uploads a picture that has been saved off a French website to the Commons server, the uploader must be covered by UK, French and US copyright law. For that person to upload that photograph to Commons, the photograph must be public domain in France, the UK and the US, or there must be an acceptable copyright license for the photograph that covers the UK, US and France.
Exception: Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional works of art, such as paintings, which are in the public domain are an exception to this rule. In July 2008, following a statement clarifying WMF policy, Commons voted to the effect that all such photographs are accepted as public domain regardless of country of origin, and tagged with a warning. For details, see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag.
Uruguay Round Agreements Act
- Main page: Commons:URAA-restored copyrights
The Uruguay Round Agreements Act or URAA is a US law that restored copyrights in the U.S. on foreign works if that work was still copyrighted in the foreign source country on the URAA date. This URAA date was January 1, 1996 for most countries. This means that foreign works became copyrighted in the U.S. even if they had been in the public domain in the U.S. before the URAA date. See also Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights.
Because the constitutionality of this law was challenged in court, Commons initially permitted users to upload images that would have been public domain in the U.S. without the URAA. However, the constitutionality of the URAA was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Golan v. Holder. After discussion, it was determined that the affected files would not be deleted en masse but reviewed individually. There was further discussion about the best method for review of affected files, resulting in the creation of Commons:WikiProject Public Domain (not active anymore).
Files affected by the URAA should be tagged with {{Not-PD-US-URAA}}.
Files nominated for deletion due to the URAA should be evaluated carefully, as should be their copyright status under US and local laws. A mere allegation that the URAA applies to a file cannot be the sole reason for deletion. If the end result of copyright evaluation is that there is significant doubt about the freedom of a file under US or local law, the file must be deleted in line with the precautionary principle.
Old orphan works
Old orphan works are accepted, provided that
- the works were created before 1929;
- or, the works were created before the pma duration (required years after the author's death) in the country of origin, which would satisfy {{PD-1996}} if published at the time of creation (e.g. works created before 1946 for 50 years pma countries, if the URAA date is 1996).
PD 1.0 and Flickr
See also: Commons:Flickr files. 
The Creative Commons Public Domain 1.0 mark (PDM) is often applied to images on photography websites such as Flickr.com, and is not a license. Despite this, the community found that when a user applies PDM to their own work, they are releasing their work to be in the public domain, and these works are believed to be freely licensed. For further information, see Accept files published by the copyright holder with a Public Domain Mark.
Nun s'acepta material embaxu'l supuestu d'usu llexítimu
Wikimedia Commons nun acepta calteníu embaxu'l supuestu d'usu llexítimu (fair use), porque les lleis al rodiu l'usu llexítimu camuden d'un país a otru, entos el calteníu puede ser aceptable, por exemplu, embaxu los supuestos d'usu llexítimu estaosxunienses (que son munchos) pero nun val na mayoría de los demás países.
Amás, l'usu llexítimu depende del contestu nel que la imaxen (o otru mediu) seya usada. Talo ye, algo que puede usase nuna páxina embaxu'l supuestu d'usu llexítimu podría ser una violación de drechos d'autor n'otra. De fechu, el supuestu d'usu llexítimu nun permite recopilar y distribuir les imáxenes n'una base datos multimedia como la de Commons. Esto quier dicir que'l usu llexítimu simplemente nun s'aplica a Commons.
Estos problemes van a la escontra de la política de Commons de facilitar imáxenes que puedan usase por cualisquier persona, en cualisquier llugar, pa cualisquier fin.
Derivative works
Imagine you want to upload a picture of Bart Simpson, but of course you can't just scan it in. Why not take a picture of a little action figure and then upload it? Don't. The reason why you can't upload photographs of such figures is that they are considered as derivative works. Such works can't be published without permission of the original creator.
The US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 101, says: "A derivative work is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a “derivative work”." A photograph of a copyrighted item is considered a derivative work in US jurisdiction. US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 106: "(...) The owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following: (...) (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;"
Therefore, "unauthorized" derivative works, like photographs of copyrighted action figures, toys, etc., must be deleted. For more information, see Commons:Derivative works.
Exception: So-called useful articles - objects with an intrinsic utilitarian function, even if commercial designs, are not subject to copyright protection in the US. Consequently, images thereof are not derivative works under US law. For details and applicability of this exception, see the Supreme Court’s decision in Mazer v. Stein, and {{Useful-object-US}}.
Simple design
.svg){kind=logo}
Regarding trademarks (see also Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter: Trademarks): Most commercial items and products are protected by intellectual property laws in one way or another, but copyright is only one such protection. It is important to make the distinction between copyright, trademarks, and patents. Wikimedia Commons generally only enforces copyright restrictions, for these reasons:
- Almost anything can be trademarked, and it wouldn't make sense to forbid everything.
- Trademarks and industrial designs restrictions are pertinent to industrial reproduction, but photographs of such items can otherwise be freely reproduced.
→ For these reasons Commons accepts any trademark whose copyright has expired. Moreover, Commons accepts images of text in a general typeface and of simple geometric shapes, even if it happens to be a recent trademarked logo, on the grounds that such an image is not sufficiently creative to attract copyright protection.
Such images should be tagged with {{PD-ineligible}} or one of the list of more specific tags for this kind of works (e.g. {{PD-textlogo}} for simple logos).
Raster renderings (i.e. PNG images) of uncopyrighted simple designs can themselves be regarded as being uncopyrighted. For vector images (i.e. SVG files) of uncopyrighted simple designs, the question as to whether the vector representation has its own copyright is less clear; see the English Wikipedia copyright information about fonts and the {{PD-textlogo}} talk page for more information.
It is often very difficult to determine whether a design is protected by copyright or not, and images of these sorts are frequently nominated for deletion, with various results. See Commons:Threshold of originality and/or “Threshold of originality” (in Wikipedia) for some guidance.
Fonts
The raster rendering of a font (or typeface) is not subject to copyright in the U.S., and therefore is in the public domain. It may be copyrighted in other countries (see intellectual property of typefaces on Wikipedia). You should use {{PD-font}} in this case.
Copyright rules
Some guidance on applicable copyright rules can be found at
- Commons:Rodiu drechos d'autor pa territoriu
- Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter (formerly "Commons:Image casebook")
See also
See also
Notes
- ↑ In cases where a work is simultaneously published in multiple countries, the "country of origin" is the country which grants the shortest term of copyright protection, per the Berne Convention.
- ↑ See Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc where it was decided that the SKYY vodka bottle and logo were not copyrightable.
External links
Collections of laws:
- UNESCO collection of copyright laws.
- WIPO Lex.
- CERLALC: Copyright laws of Latin America, the Caribbean states, and Spain and Portugal.
- CIPR: Copyright laws of the CIS nations and the three Baltic states.
- ECAP: Copyright laws of ASEAN countries.
- EuroMed Audiovisual II EU programme; has recent copyright laws of some mediterranean states (from Morocco to Turkey).
Copyright treaties:
Other:
- Circular 38a: International Copyright Relations of the United States, from the U.S. Copyright Office. (A bit dated, some countries are missing.)
- Circular 38b: Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA, from the U.S. Copyright Office.
- 17 USC 104A: Copyright restorations in the U.S. due to the URAA
- Copyright in the USA
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